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mysql 5.7 documentation

index

• 1.1 About This Manual1.1 About This Manual

• 1.2 Overview of the MySQL Database Management System

• 1.2.1 What is MySQL?

• 1.2.2 The Main Features of MySQL

• 1.2.3 History of MySQL

• 1.3 What Is New in MySQL 5.7

• 1.4 Server and Status Variables and Options Added, Deprecated, or Removed in MySQL 5.7

• 1.5 How to Report Bugs or Problems

• 1.6 MySQL Standards Compliance

• 1.6.1 MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL

• 1.6.2 MySQL Differences from Standard SQL

• 1.6.3 How MySQL Deals with Constraints

• 2.1 General Installation Guidance

• 2.1.1 Supported Platforms

• 2.1.2 Which MySQL Version and Distribution to Install

• 2.1.3 How to Get MySQL

• 2.1.4 Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG

• 2.1.5 Installation Layouts

• 2.1.6 Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics

• 2.2 Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries

• 2.3 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows

• 2.3.1 MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft Windows

• 2.3.2 Choosing an Installation Package

• 2.3.3 MySQL Installer for Windows

• 2.3.4 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using a 'noinstall' ZIP Archive

• 2.3.5 Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL Server Installation

• 2.3.6 Windows Postinstallation Procedures

• 2.3.7 Windows Platform Restrictions

• 2.4 Installing MySQL on macOS

• 2.4.1 General Notes on Installing MySQL on macOS

• 2.4.2 Installing MySQL on macOS Using Native Packages

• 2.4.3 Installing a MySQL Launch Daemon

• 2.4.4 Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane

• 2.5 Installing MySQL on Linux

• 2.5.1 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL Yum Repository

• 2.5.2 Replacing a Third-Party Distribution of MySQL Using the MySQL Yum Repository

• 2.5.3 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL APT Repository

• 2.5.4 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL SLES Repository

• 2.5.5 Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages from Oracle

• 2.5.6 Installing MySQL on Linux Using Debian Packages from Oracle

• 2.5.7 Deploying MySQL on Linux with Docker

• 2.5.8 Installing MySQL on Linux from the Native Software Repositories

• 2.5.9 Installing MySQL on Linux with Juju

• 2.5.10 Managing MySQL Server with systemd

• 2.6 Installing MySQL Using Unbreakable Linux Network (ULN)

• 2.7 Installing MySQL on Solaris

• 2.7.1 Installing MySQL on Solaris Using a Solaris PKG

• 2.8 Installing MySQL from Source

• 2.8.1 Source Installation Methods

• 2.8.2 Source Installation Prerequisites

• 2.8.3 MySQL Layout for Source Installation

• 2.8.4 Installing MySQL Using a Standard Source Distribution

• 2.8.5 Installing MySQL Using a Development Source Tree

• 2.8.6 Configuring SSL Library Support

• 2.8.7 MySQL Source-Configuration Options

• 2.8.8 Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL

• 2.8.9 MySQL Configuration and Third-Party Tools

• 2.9 Postinstallation Setup and Testing

• 2.9.1 Initializing the Data Directory

• 2.9.2 Starting the Server

• 2.9.3 Testing the Server

• 2.9.4 Securing the Initial MySQL Account

• 2.9.5 Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically

• 2.10 Upgrading MySQL

• 2.10.1 Before You Begin

• 2.10.2 Upgrade Paths

• 2.10.3 Changes in MySQL 5.7

• 2.10.4 Upgrading MySQL Binary or Package-based Installations on Unix/Linux

• 2.10.5 Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL Yum Repository

• 2.10.6 Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL APT Repository

• 2.10.7 Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL SLES Repository

• 2.10.8 Upgrading MySQL on Windows

• 2.10.9 Upgrading a Docker Installation of MySQL

• 2.10.10 Upgrading MySQL with Directly-Downloaded RPM Packages

• 2.10.11 Upgrade Troubleshooting

• 2.10.12 Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes

• 2.10.13 Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine

• 2.11 Downgrading MySQL

• 2.11.1 Before You Begin

• 2.11.2 Downgrade Paths

• 2.11.3 Downgrade Notes

• 2.11.4 Downgrading Binary and Package-based Installations on Unix/Linux

• 2.11.5 Downgrade Troubleshooting

• 2.12 Perl Installation Notes

• 2.12.1 Installing Perl on Unix

• 2.12.2 Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows

• 2.12.3 Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface

• 3.1 Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server

• 3.2 Entering Queries

• 3.3 Creating and Using a Database

• 3.3.1 Creating and Selecting a Database

• 3.3.2 Creating a Table

• 3.3.3 Loading Data into a Table

• 3.3.4 Retrieving Information from a Table

• 3.4 Getting Information About Databases and Tables

• 3.5 Using mysql in Batch Mode

• 3.6 Examples of Common Queries

• 3.6.1 The Maximum Value for a Column

• 3.6.2 The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column

• 3.6.3 Maximum of Column per Group

• 3.6.4 The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Column

• 3.6.5 Using User-Defined Variables

• 3.6.6 Using Foreign Keys

• 3.6.7 Searching on Two Keys

• 3.6.8 Calculating Visits Per Day

• 3.6.9 Using AUTO_INCREMENT

• 3.7 Using MySQL with Apache

• 4.1 Overview of MySQL Programs

• 4.2 Using MySQL Programs

• 4.2.1 Invoking MySQL Programs

• 4.2.2 Specifying Program Options

• 4.2.3 Command Options for Connecting to the Server

• 4.2.4 Connecting to the MySQL Server Using Command Options

• 4.2.5 Connection Transport Protocols

• 4.2.6 Connection Compression Control

• 4.2.7 Setting Environment Variables

• 4.3 Server and Server-Startup Programs

• 4.3.1 mysqld -- The MySQL Server

• 4.3.2 mysqld_safe -- MySQL Server Startup Script

• 4.3.3 mysql.server -- MySQL Server Startup Script

• 4.3.4 mysqld_multi -- Manage Multiple MySQL Servers

• 4.4 Installation-Related Programs

• 4.4.1 comp_err -- Compile MySQL Error Message File

• 4.4.2 mysql_install_db -- Initialize MySQL Data Directory

• 4.4.3 mysql_plugin -- Configure MySQL Server Plugins

• 4.4.4 mysql_secure_installation -- Improve MySQL Installation Security

• 4.4.5 mysql_ssl_rsa_setup -- Create SSL/RSA Files

• 4.4.6 mysql_tzinfo_to_sql -- Load the Time Zone Tables

• 4.4.7 mysql_upgrade -- Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables

• 4.5 Client Programs

• 4.5.1 mysql -- The MySQL Command-Line Client

• 4.5.2 mysqladmin -- A MySQL Server Administration Program

• 4.5.3 mysqlcheck -- A Table Maintenance Program

• 4.5.4 mysqldump -- A Database Backup Program

• 4.5.5 mysqlimport -- A Data Import Program

• 4.5.6 mysqlpump -- A Database Backup Program

• 4.5.7 mysqlshow -- Display Database, Table, and Column Information

• 4.5.8 mysqlslap -- A Load Emulation Client

• 4.6 Administrative and Utility Programs

• 4.6.1 innochecksum -- Offline InnoDB File Checksum Utility

• 4.6.2 myisam_ftdump -- Display Full-Text Index information

• 4.6.3 myisamchk -- MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility

• 4.6.4 myisamlog -- Display MyISAM Log File Contents

• 4.6.5 myisampack -- Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables

• 4.6.6 mysql_config_editor -- MySQL Configuration Utility

• 4.6.7 mysqlbinlog -- Utility for Processing Binary Log Files

• 4.6.8 mysqldumpslow -- Summarize Slow Query Log Files

• 4.7 Program Development Utilities

• 4.7.1 mysql_config -- Display Options for Compiling Clients

• 4.7.2 my_print_defaults -- Display Options from Option Files

• 4.7.3 resolve_stack_dump -- Resolve Numeric Stack Trace Dump to Symbols

• 4.8 Miscellaneous Programs

• 4.8.1 lz4_decompress -- Decompress mysqlpump LZ4-Compressed Output

• 4.8.2 perror -- Display MySQL Error Message Information

• 4.8.3 replace -- A String-Replacement Utility

• 4.8.4 resolveip -- Resolve Host name to IP Address or Vice Versa

• 4.8.5 zlib_decompress -- Decompress mysqlpump ZLIB-Compressed Output

• 4.9 Environment Variables

• 4.10 Unix Signal Handling in MySQL

• 5.1 The MySQL Server

• 5.1.1 Configuring the Server

• 5.1.2 Server Configuration Defaults

• 5.1.3 Server Option, System Variable, and Status Variable Reference

• 5.1.4 Server System Variable Reference

• 5.1.5 Server Status Variable Reference

• 5.1.6 Server Command Options

• 5.1.7 Server System Variables

• 5.1.8 Using System Variables

• 5.1.9 Server Status Variables

• 5.1.10 Server SQL Modes

• 5.1.11 Connection Management

• 5.1.12 IPv6 Support

• 5.1.13 MySQL Server Time Zone Support

• 5.1.14 Server-Side Help Support

• 5.1.15 Server Tracking of Client Session State

• 5.1.16 The Server Shutdown Process

• 5.2 The MySQL Data Directory

• 5.3 The mysql System Database

• 5.4 MySQL Server Logs

• 5.4.1 Selecting General Query Log and Slow Query Log Output Destinations

• 5.4.2 The Error Log

• 5.4.3 The General Query Log

• 5.4.4 The Binary Log

• 5.4.5 The Slow Query Log

• 5.4.6 The DDL Log

• 5.4.7 Server Log Maintenance

• 5.5 MySQL Server Plugins

• 5.5.1 Installing and Uninstalling Plugins

• 5.5.2 Obtaining Server Plugin Information

• 5.5.3 MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool

• 5.5.4 The Rewriter Query Rewrite Plugin

• 5.5.5 Version Tokens

• 5.5.6 MySQL Plugin Services

• 5.6 MySQL Server Loadable Functions

• 5.6.1 Installing and Uninstalling Loadable Functions

• 5.6.2 Obtaining Information About Loadable Functions

• 5.7 Running Multiple MySQL Instances on One Machine

• 5.7.1 Setting Up Multiple Data Directories

• 5.7.2 Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Windows

• 5.7.3 Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Unix

• 5.7.4 Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment

• 5.8 Debugging MySQL

• 5.8.1 Debugging a MySQL Server

• 5.8.2 Debugging a MySQL Client

• 5.8.3 The DBUG Package

• 5.8.4 Tracing mysqld Using DTrace

• 6.1 General Security Issues

• 6.1.1 Security Guidelines

• 6.1.2 Keeping Passwords Secure

• 6.1.3 Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers

• 6.1.4 Security-Related mysqld Options and Variables

• 6.1.5 How to Run MySQL as a Normal User

• 6.1.6 Security Considerations for LOAD DATA LOCAL

• 6.1.7 Client Programming Security Guidelines

• 6.2 Access Control and Account Management

• 6.2.1 Account User Names and Passwords

• 6.2.2 Privileges Provided by MySQL

• 6.2.3 Grant Tables

• 6.2.4 Specifying Account Names

• 6.2.5 Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification

• 6.2.6 Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification

• 6.2.7 Adding Accounts, Assigning Privileges, and Dropping Accounts

• 6.2.8 Reserved Accounts

• 6.2.9 When Privilege Changes Take Effect

• 6.2.10 Assigning Account Passwords

• 6.2.11 Password Management

• 6.2.12 Server Handling of Expired Passwords

• 6.2.13 Pluggable Authentication

• 6.2.14 Proxy Users

• 6.2.15 Account Locking

• 6.2.16 Setting Account Resource Limits

• 6.2.17 Troubleshooting Problems Connecting to MySQL

• 6.2.18 SQL-Based Account Activity Auditing

• 6.3 Using Encrypted Connections

• 6.3.1 Configuring MySQL to Use Encrypted Connections

• 6.3.2 Encrypted Connection TLS Protocols and Ciphers

• 6.3.3 Creating SSL and RSA Certificates and Keys

• 6.3.4 SSL Library-Dependent Capabilities

• 6.3.5 Connecting to MySQL Remotely from Windows with SSH

• 6.4 Security Plugins

• 6.4.1 Authentication Plugins

• 6.4.2 The Connection-Control Plugins

• 6.4.3 The Password Validation Plugin

• 6.4.4 The MySQL Keyring

• 6.4.5 MySQL Enterprise Audit

• 6.4.6 MySQL Enterprise Firewall

• 6.5 MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification

• 6.5.1 MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification Elements

• 6.5.2 Installing or Uninstalling MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification

• 6.5.3 Using MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification

• 6.5.4 MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification Function Reference

• 6.5.5 MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification Function Descriptions

• 6.6 MySQL Enterprise Encryption

• 6.6.1 MySQL Enterprise Encryption Installation

• 6.6.2 MySQL Enterprise Encryption Usage and Examples

• 6.6.3 MySQL Enterprise Encryption Function Reference

• 6.6.4 MySQL Enterprise Encryption Function Descriptions

• 6.7 SELinux

• 6.7.1 Check if SELinux is Enabled

• 6.7.2 Changing the SELinux Mode

• 6.7.3 MySQL Server SELinux Policies

• 6.7.4 SELinux File Context

• 6.7.5 SELinux TCP Port Context

• 6.7.6 Troubleshooting SELinux

• 7.1 Backup and Recovery Types

• 7.2 Database Backup Methods

• 7.3 Example Backup and Recovery Strategy

• 7.3.1 Establishing a Backup Policy

• 7.3.2 Using Backups for Recovery

• 7.3.3 Backup Strategy Summary

• 7.4 Using mysqldump for Backups

• 7.4.1 Dumping Data in SQL Format with mysqldump

• 7.4.2 Reloading SQL-Format Backups

• 7.4.3 Dumping Data in Delimited-Text Format with mysqldump

• 7.4.4 Reloading Delimited-Text Format Backups

• 7.4.5 mysqldump Tips

• 7.5 Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery

• 7.5.1 Point-in-Time Recovery Using Binary Log

• 7.5.2 Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Positions

• 7.6 MyISAM Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery

• 7.6.1 Using myisamchk for Crash Recovery

• 7.6.2 How to Check MyISAM Tables for Errors

• 7.6.3 How to Repair MyISAM Tables

• 7.6.4 MyISAM Table Optimization

• 7.6.5 Setting Up a MyISAM Table Maintenance Schedule

• 8.1 Optimization Overview

• 8.2 Optimizing SQL Statements

• 8.2.1 Optimizing SELECT Statements

• 8.2.2 Optimizing Subqueries, Derived Tables, and View References

• 8.2.3 Optimizing INFORMATION_SCHEMA Queries

• 8.2.4 Optimizing Data Change Statements

• 8.2.5 Optimizing Database Privileges

• 8.2.6 Other Optimization Tips

• 8.3 Optimization and Indexes

• 8.3.1 How MySQL Uses Indexes

• 8.3.2 Primary Key Optimization

• 8.3.3 Foreign Key Optimization

• 8.3.4 Column Indexes

• 8.3.5 Multiple-Column Indexes

• 8.3.6 Verifying Index Usage

• 8.3.7 InnoDB and MyISAM Index Statistics Collection

• 8.3.8 Comparison of B-Tree and Hash Indexes

• 8.3.9 Use of Index Extensions

• 8.3.10 Optimizer Use of Generated Column Indexes

• 8.3.11 Indexed Lookups from TIMESTAMP Columns

• 8.4 Optimizing Database Structure

• 8.4.1 Optimizing Data Size

• 8.4.2 Optimizing MySQL Data Types

• 8.4.3 Optimizing for Many Tables

• 8.4.4 Internal Temporary Table Use in MySQL

• 8.4.5 Limits on Number of Databases and Tables

• 8.4.6 Limits on Table Size

• 8.4.7 Limits on Table Column Count and Row Size

• 8.5 Optimizing for InnoDB Tables

• 8.5.1 Optimizing Storage Layout for InnoDB Tables

• 8.5.2 Optimizing InnoDB Transaction Management

• 8.5.3 Optimizing InnoDB Read-Only Transactions

• 8.5.4 Optimizing InnoDB Redo Logging

• 8.5.5 Bulk Data Loading for InnoDB Tables

• 8.5.6 Optimizing InnoDB Queries

• 8.5.7 Optimizing InnoDB DDL Operations

• 8.5.8 Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O

• 8.5.9 Optimizing InnoDB Configuration Variables

• 8.5.10 Optimizing InnoDB for Systems with Many Tables

• 8.6 Optimizing for MyISAM Tables

• 8.6.1 Optimizing MyISAM Queries

• 8.6.2 Bulk Data Loading for MyISAM Tables

• 8.6.3 Optimizing REPAIR TABLE Statements

• 8.7 Optimizing for MEMORY Tables

• 8.8 Understanding the Query Execution Plan

• 8.8.1 Optimizing Queries with EXPLAIN

• 8.8.2 EXPLAIN Output Format

• 8.8.3 Extended EXPLAIN Output Format

• 8.8.4 Obtaining Execution Plan Information for a Named Connection

• 8.8.5 Estimating Query Performance

• 8.9 Controlling the Query Optimizer

• 8.9.1 Controlling Query Plan Evaluation

• 8.9.2 Switchable Optimizations

• 8.9.3 Optimizer Hints

• 8.9.4 Index Hints

• 8.9.5 The Optimizer Cost Model

• 8.10 Buffering and Caching

• 8.10.1 InnoDB Buffer Pool Optimization

• 8.10.2 The MyISAM Key Cache

• 8.10.3 The MySQL Query Cache

• 8.10.4 Caching of Prepared Statements and Stored Programs

• 8.11 Optimizing Locking Operations

• 8.11.1 Internal Locking Methods

• 8.11.2 Table Locking Issues

• 8.11.3 Concurrent Inserts

• 8.11.4 Metadata Locking

• 8.11.5 External Locking

• 8.12 Optimizing the MySQL Server

• 8.12.1 System Factors

• 8.12.2 Optimizing Disk I/O

• 8.12.3 Using Symbolic Links

• 8.12.4 Optimizing Memory Use

• 8.13 Measuring Performance (Benchmarking)

• 8.13.1 Measuring the Speed of Expressions and Functions

• 8.13.2 Using Your Own Benchmarks

• 8.13.3 Measuring Performance with performance_schema

• 8.14 Examining Server Thread (Process) Information

• 8.14.1 Accessing the Process List

• 8.14.2 Thread Command Values

• 8.14.3 General Thread States

• 8.14.4 Query Cache Thread States

• 8.14.5 Replication Source Thread States

• 8.14.6 Replication Replica I/O Thread States

• 8.14.7 Replication Replica SQL Thread States

• 8.14.8 Replication Replica Connection Thread States

• 8.14.9 NDB Cluster Thread States

• 8.14.10 Event Scheduler Thread States

• 8.15 Tracing the Optimizer

• 8.15.1 Typical Usage

• 8.15.2 System Variables Controlling Tracing

• 8.15.3 Traceable Statements

• 8.15.4 Tuning Trace Purging

• 8.15.5 Tracing Memory Usage

• 8.15.6 Privilege Checking

• 8.15.7 Interaction with the -debug Option

• 8.15.8 The optimizer_trace System Variable

• 8.15.9 The end_markers_in_json System Variable

• 8.15.10 Selecting Optimizer Features to Trace

• 8.15.11 Trace General Structure

• 8.15.12 Example

• 8.15.13 Displaying Traces in Other Applications

• 8.15.14 Preventing the Use of Optimizer Trace

• 8.15.15 Testing Optimizer Trace

• 8.15.16 Optimizer Trace Implementation

• 9.1 Literal Values

• 9.1.1 String Literals

• 9.1.2 Numeric Literals

• 9.1.3 Date and Time Literals

• 9.1.4 Hexadecimal Literals

• 9.1.5 Bit-Value Literals

• 9.1.6 Boolean Literals

• 9.1.7 NULL Values

• 9.2 Schema Object Names

• 9.2.1 Identifier Length Limits

• 9.2.2 Identifier Qualifiers

• 9.2.3 Identifier Case Sensitivity

• 9.2.4 Mapping of Identifiers to File Names

• 9.2.5 Function Name Parsing and Resolution

• 9.3 Keywords and Reserved Words

• 9.4 User-Defined Variables

• 9.5 Expressions

• 9.6 Comments

• 10.1 Character Sets and Collations in General

• 10.2 Character Sets and Collations in MySQL

• 10.2.1 Character Set Repertoire

• 10.2.2 UTF-8 for Metadata

• 10.3 Specifying Character Sets and Collations

• 10.3.1 Collation Naming Conventions

• 10.3.2 Server Character Set and Collation

• 10.3.3 Database Character Set and Collation

• 10.3.4 Table Character Set and Collation

• 10.3.5 Column Character Set and Collation

• 10.3.6 Character String Literal Character Set and Collation

• 10.3.7 The National Character Set

• 10.3.8 Character Set Introducers

• 10.3.9 Examples of Character Set and Collation Assignment

• 10.3.10 Compatibility with Other DBMSs

• 10.4 Connection Character Sets and Collations

• 10.5 Configuring Application Character Set and Collation

• 10.6 Error Message Character Set

• 10.7 Column Character Set Conversion

• 10.8 Collation Issues

• 10.8.1 Using COLLATE in SQL Statements

• 10.8.2 COLLATE Clause Precedence

• 10.8.3 Character Set and Collation Compatibility

• 10.8.4 Collation Coercibility in Expressions

• 10.8.6 Examples of the Effect of Collation

• 10.8.7 Using Collation in INFORMATION_SCHEMA Searches

• 10.9 Unicode Support

• 10.9.1 The utf8mb4 Character Set (4-Byte UTF-8 Unicode Encoding)

• 10.9.2 The utf8mb3 Character Set (3-Byte UTF-8 Unicode Encoding)

• 10.9.3 The utf8 Character Set (Alias for utf8mb3)

• 10.9.4 The ucs2 Character Set (UCS-2 Unicode Encoding)

• 10.9.5 The utf16 Character Set (UTF-16 Unicode Encoding)

• 10.9.6 The utf16le Character Set (UTF-16LE Unicode Encoding)

• 10.9.7 The utf32 Character Set (UTF-32 Unicode Encoding)

• 10.9.8 Converting Between 3-Byte and 4-Byte Unicode Character Sets

• 10.10 Supported Character Sets and Collations

• 10.10.1 Unicode Character Sets

• 10.10.2 West European Character Sets

• 10.10.3 Central European Character Sets

• 10.10.4 South European and Middle East Character Sets

• 10.10.5 Baltic Character Sets

• 10.10.6 Cyrillic Character Sets

• 10.10.7 Asian Character Sets

• 10.10.8 The Binary Character Set

• 10.11 Restrictions on Character Sets

• 10.12 Setting the Error Message Language

• 10.13 Adding a Character Set

• 10.13.1 Character Definition Arrays

• 10.13.2 String Collating Support for Complex Character Sets

• 10.13.3 Multi-Byte Character Support for Complex Character Sets

• 10.14 Adding a Collation to a Character Set

• 10.14.1 Collation Implementation Types

• 10.14.2 Choosing a Collation ID

• 10.14.3 Adding a Simple Collation to an 8-Bit Character Set

• 10.14.4 Adding a UCA Collation to a Unicode Character Set

• 10.15 Character Set Configuration

• 10.16 MySQL Server Locale Support

• 11.1 Numeric Data Types

• 11.1.1 Numeric Data Type Syntax

• 11.1.2 Integer Types (Exact Value) - INTEGER, INT, SMALLINT, TINYINT, MEDIUMINT, BIGINT

• 11.1.3 Fixed-Point Types (Exact Value) - DECIMAL, NUMERIC

• 11.1.4 Floating-Point Types (Approximate Value) - FLOAT, DOUBLE

• 11.1.5 Bit-Value Type - BIT

• 11.1.6 Numeric Type Attributes

• 11.1.7 Out-of-Range and Overflow Handling

• 11.2 Date and Time Data Types

• 11.2.1 Date and Time Data Type Syntax

• 11.2.2 The DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP Types

• 11.2.3 The TIME Type

• 11.2.4 The YEAR Type

• 11.2.5 2-Digit YEAR(2) Limitations and Migrating to 4-Digit YEAR

• 11.2.6 Automatic Initialization and Updating for TIMESTAMP and DATETIME

• 11.2.7 Fractional Seconds in Time Values

• 11.2.8 What Calendar Is Used By MySQL?

• 11.2.9 Conversion Between Date and Time Types

• 11.2.10 2-Digit Years in Dates

• 11.3 String Data Types

• 11.3.1 String Data Type Syntax

• 11.3.2 The CHAR and VARCHAR Types

• 11.3.3 The BINARY and VARBINARY Types

• 11.3.4 The BLOB and TEXT Types

• 11.3.5 The ENUM Type

• 11.3.6 The SET Type

• 11.4 Spatial Data Types

• 11.4.1 Spatial Data Types

• 11.4.2 The OpenGIS Geometry Model

• 11.4.3 Supported Spatial Data Formats

• 11.4.4 Geometry Well-Formedness and Validity

• 11.4.5 Creating Spatial Columns

• 11.4.6 Populating Spatial Columns

• 11.4.7 Fetching Spatial Data

• 11.4.8 Optimizing Spatial Analysis

• 11.4.9 Creating Spatial Indexes

• 11.4.10 Using Spatial Indexes

• 11.5 The JSON Data Type

• 11.6 Data Type Default Values

• 11.7 Data Type Storage Requirements

• 11.8 Choosing the Right Type for a Column

• 11.9 Using Data Types from Other Database Engines

• 12.1 Built-In Function and Operator Reference

• 12.2 Loadable Function Reference

• 12.3 Type Conversion in Expression Evaluation

• 12.4 Operators

• 12.4.1 Operator Precedence

• 12.4.2 Comparison Functions and Operators

• 12.4.3 Logical Operators

• 12.4.4 Assignment Operators

• 12.5 Flow Control Functions

• 12.6 Numeric Functions and Operators

• 12.6.1 Arithmetic Operators

• 12.6.2 Mathematical Functions

• 12.7 Date and Time Functions

• 12.8 String Functions and Operators

• 12.8.1 String Comparison Functions and Operators

• 12.8.2 Regular Expressions

• 12.8.3 Character Set and Collation of Function Results

• 12.9 Full-Text Search Functions

• 12.9.1 Natural Language Full-Text Searches

• 12.9.2 Boolean Full-Text Searches

• 12.9.3 Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion

• 12.9.4 Full-Text Stopwords

• 12.9.5 Full-Text Restrictions

• 12.9.6 Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search

• 12.9.7 Adding a User-Defined Collation for Full-Text Indexing

• 12.9.8 ngram Full-Text Parser

• 12.9.9 MeCab Full-Text Parser Plugin

• 12.10 Cast Functions and Operators

• 12.11 XML Functions

• 12.12 Bit Functions and Operators

• 12.13 Encryption and Compression Functions

• 12.14 Locking Functions

• 12.15 Information Functions

• 12.16 Spatial Analysis Functions

• 12.16.1 Spatial Function Reference

• 12.16.2 Argument Handling by Spatial Functions

• 12.16.3 Functions That Create Geometry Values from WKT Values

• 12.16.4 Functions That Create Geometry Values from WKB Values

• 12.16.5 MySQL-Specific Functions That Create Geometry Values

• 12.16.6 Geometry Format Conversion Functions

• 12.16.7 Geometry Property Functions

• 12.16.8 Spatial Operator Functions

• 12.16.9 Functions That Test Spatial Relations Between Geometry Objects

• 12.16.10 Spatial Geohash Functions

• 12.16.11 Spatial GeoJSON Functions

• 12.16.12 Spatial Convenience Functions

• 12.17 JSON Functions

• 12.17.1 JSON Function Reference

• 12.17.2 Functions That Create JSON Values

• 12.17.3 Functions That Search JSON Values

• 12.17.4 Functions That Modify JSON Values

• 12.17.5 Functions That Return JSON Value Attributes

• 12.17.6 JSON Utility Functions

• 12.18 Functions Used with Global Transaction Identifiers (GTIDs)

• 12.19 Aggregate Functions

• 12.19.1 Aggregate Function Descriptions

• 12.19.2 GROUP BY Modifiers

• 12.19.3 MySQL Handling of GROUP BY

• 12.19.4 Detection of Functional Dependence

• 12.20 Miscellaneous Functions

• 12.21 Precision Math

• 12.21.1 Types of Numeric Values

• 12.21.2 DECIMAL Data Type Characteristics

• 12.21.3 Expression Handling

• 12.21.4 Rounding Behavior

• 12.21.5 Precision Math Examples

• 13.1 Data Definition Statements

• 13.1.1 ALTER DATABASE Statement

• 13.1.2 ALTER EVENT Statement

• 13.1.3 ALTER FUNCTION Statement

• 13.1.4 ALTER INSTANCE Statement

• 13.1.5 ALTER LOGFILE GROUP Statement

• 13.1.6 ALTER PROCEDURE Statement

• 13.1.7 ALTER SERVER Statement

• 13.1.8 ALTER TABLE Statement

• 13.1.9 ALTER TABLESPACE Statement

• 13.1.10 ALTER VIEW Statement

• 13.1.11 CREATE DATABASE Statement

• 13.1.12 CREATE EVENT Statement

• 13.1.13 CREATE FUNCTION Statement

• 13.1.14 CREATE INDEX Statement

• 13.1.15 CREATE LOGFILE GROUP Statement

• 13.1.16 CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION Statements

• 13.1.17 CREATE SERVER Statement

• 13.1.18 CREATE TABLE Statement

• 13.1.19 CREATE TABLESPACE Statement

• 13.1.20 CREATE TRIGGER Statement

• 13.1.21 CREATE VIEW Statement

• 13.1.22 DROP DATABASE Statement

• 13.1.23 DROP EVENT Statement

• 13.1.24 DROP FUNCTION Statement

• 13.1.25 DROP INDEX Statement

• 13.1.26 DROP LOGFILE GROUP Statement

• 13.1.27 DROP PROCEDURE and DROP FUNCTION Statements

• 13.1.28 DROP SERVER Statement

• 13.1.29 DROP TABLE Statement

• 13.1.30 DROP TABLESPACE Statement

• 13.1.31 DROP TRIGGER Statement

• 13.1.32 DROP VIEW Statement

• 13.1.33 RENAME TABLE Statement

• 13.1.34 TRUNCATE TABLE Statement

• 13.2 Data Manipulation Statements

• 13.2.1 CALL Statement

• 13.2.2 DELETE Statement

• 13.2.3 DO Statement

• 13.2.4 HANDLER Statement

• 13.2.5 INSERT Statement

• 13.2.6 LOAD DATA Statement

• 13.2.7 LOAD XML Statement

• 13.2.8 REPLACE Statement

• 13.2.9 SELECT Statement

• 13.2.10 Subqueries

• 13.2.11 UPDATE Statement

• 13.3 Transactional and Locking Statements

• 13.3.1 START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Statements

• 13.3.2 Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back

• 13.3.3 Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit

• 13.3.4 SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, and RELEASE SAVEPOINT Statements

• 13.3.5 LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES Statements

• 13.3.6 SET TRANSACTION Statement

• 13.3.7 XA Transactions

• 13.4 Replication Statements

• 13.4.1 SQL Statements for Controlling Replication Source Servers

• 13.4.2 SQL Statements for Controlling Replica Servers

• 13.4.3 SQL Statements for Controlling Group Replication

• 13.5 Prepared Statements

• 13.5.1 PREPARE Statement

• 13.5.2 EXECUTE Statement

• 13.5.3 DEALLOCATE PREPARE Statement

• 13.6 Compound Statements

• 13.6.1 BEGIN ... END Compound Statement

• 13.6.2 Statement Labels

• 13.6.3 DECLARE Statement

• 13.6.4 Variables in Stored Programs

• 13.6.5 Flow Control Statements

• 13.6.6 Cursors

• 13.6.7 Condition Handling

• 13.7 Database Administration Statements

• 13.7.1 Account Management Statements

• 13.7.2 Table Maintenance Statements

• 13.7.3 Plugin and Loadable Function Statements

• 13.7.4 SET Statements

• 13.7.5 SHOW Statements

• 13.7.6 Other Administrative Statements

• 13.8 Utility Statements

• 13.8.1 DESCRIBE Statement

• 13.8.2 EXPLAIN Statement

• 13.8.3 HELP Statement

• 13.8.4 USE Statement

• 14.1 Introduction to InnoDB

• 14.1.1 Benefits of Using InnoDB Tables

• 14.1.2 Best Practices for InnoDB Tables

• 14.1.3 Verifying that InnoDB is the Default Storage Engine

• 14.1.4 Testing and Benchmarking with InnoDB

• 14.1.5 Turning Off InnoDB

• 14.2 InnoDB and the ACID Model

• 14.3 InnoDB Multi-Versioning

• 14.4 InnoDB Architecture

• 14.5 InnoDB In-Memory Structures

• 14.5.1 Buffer Pool

• 14.5.2 Change Buffer

• 14.5.3 Adaptive Hash Index

• 14.5.4 Log Buffer

• 14.6 InnoDB On-Disk Structures

• 14.6.1 Tables

• 14.6.2 Indexes

• 14.6.3 Tablespaces

• 14.6.4 InnoDB Data Dictionary

• 14.6.5 Doublewrite Buffer

• 14.6.6 Redo Log

• 14.6.7 Undo Logs

• 14.7 InnoDB Locking and Transaction Model

• 14.7.1 InnoDB Locking

• 14.7.2 InnoDB Transaction Model

• 14.7.3 Locks Set by Different SQL Statements in InnoDB

• 14.7.4 Phantom Rows

• 14.7.5 Deadlocks in InnoDB

• 14.8 InnoDB Configuration

• 14.8.1 InnoDB Startup Configuration

• 14.8.2 Configuring InnoDB for Read-Only Operation

• 14.8.3 InnoDB Buffer Pool Configuration

• 14.8.4 Configuring the Memory Allocator for InnoDB

• 14.8.5 Configuring Thread Concurrency for InnoDB

• 14.8.6 Configuring the Number of Background InnoDB I/O Threads

• 14.8.7 Using Asynchronous I/O on Linux

• 14.8.8 Configuring InnoDB I/O Capacity

• 14.8.9 Configuring Spin Lock Polling

• 14.8.10 Purge Configuration

• 14.8.11 Configuring Optimizer Statistics for InnoDB

• 14.8.12 Configuring the Merge Threshold for Index Pages

• 14.9 InnoDB Table and Page Compression

• 14.9.1 InnoDB Table Compression

• 14.9.2 InnoDB Page Compression

• 14.10 InnoDB File-Format Management

• 14.10.1 Enabling File Formats

• 14.10.2 Verifying File Format Compatibility

• 14.10.3 Identifying the File Format in Use

• 14.10.4 Modifying the File Format

• 14.11 InnoDB Row Formats

• 14.12 InnoDB Disk I/O and File Space Management

• 14.12.1 InnoDB Disk I/O

• 14.12.2 File Space Management

• 14.12.3 InnoDB Checkpoints

• 14.12.4 Defragmenting a Table

• 14.12.5 Reclaiming Disk Space with TRUNCATE TABLE

• 14.13 InnoDB and Online DDL

• 14.13.1 Online DDL Operations

• 14.13.2 Online DDL Performance and Concurrency

• 14.13.3 Online DDL Space Requirements

• 14.13.4 Simplifying DDL Statements with Online DDL

• 14.13.5 Online DDL Failure Conditions

• 14.13.6 Online DDL Limitations

• 14.14 InnoDB Data-at-Rest Encryption

• 14.15 InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables

• 14.16 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables

• 14.16.1 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables about Compression

• 14.16.2 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Transaction and Locking Information

• 14.16.3 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA System Tables

• 14.16.4 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA FULLTEXT Index Tables

• 14.16.5 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Buffer Pool Tables

• 14.16.6 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Metrics Table

• 14.16.7 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Temporary Table Info Table

• 14.16.8 Retrieving InnoDB Tablespace Metadata from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.FILES

• 14.17 InnoDB Integration with MySQL Performance Schema

• 14.17.1 Monitoring ALTER TABLE Progress for InnoDB Tables Using Performance Schema

• 14.17.2 Monitoring InnoDB Mutex Waits Using Performance Schema

• 14.18 InnoDB Monitors

• 14.18.1 InnoDB Monitor Types

• 14.18.2 Enabling InnoDB Monitors

• 14.18.3 InnoDB Standard Monitor and Lock Monitor Output

• 14.19 InnoDB Backup and Recovery

• 14.19.1 InnoDB Backup

• 14.19.2 InnoDB Recovery

• 14.20 InnoDB and MySQL Replication

• 14.21 InnoDB memcached Plugin

• 14.21.1 Benefits of the InnoDB memcached Plugin

• 14.21.2 InnoDB memcached Architecture

• 14.21.3 Setting Up the InnoDB memcached Plugin

• 14.21.4 Security Considerations for the InnoDB memcached Plugin

• 14.21.5 Writing Applications for the InnoDB memcached Plugin

• 14.21.6 The InnoDB memcached Plugin and Replication

• 14.21.7 InnoDB memcached Plugin Internals

• 14.21.8 Troubleshooting the InnoDB memcached Plugin

• 14.22 InnoDB Troubleshooting

• 14.22.1 Troubleshooting InnoDB I/O Problems

• 14.22.2 Forcing InnoDB Recovery

• 14.22.3 Troubleshooting InnoDB Data Dictionary Operations

• 14.22.4 InnoDB Error Handling

• 14.23 InnoDB Limits

• 14.24 InnoDB Restrictions and Limitations

• 15.1 Setting the Storage Engine

• 15.2 The MyISAM Storage Engine

• 15.2.1 MyISAM Startup Options

• 15.2.2 Space Needed for Keys

• 15.2.3 MyISAM Table Storage Formats

• 15.2.4 MyISAM Table Problems

• 15.3 The MEMORY Storage Engine

• 15.4 The CSV Storage Engine

• 15.4.1 Repairing and Checking CSV Tables

• 15.4.2 CSV Limitations

• 15.5 The ARCHIVE Storage Engine

• 15.6 The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine

• 15.7 The MERGE Storage Engine

• 15.7.1 MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages

• 15.7.2 MERGE Table Problems

• 15.8 The FEDERATED Storage Engine

• 15.8.1 FEDERATED Storage Engine Overview

• 15.8.2 How to Create FEDERATED Tables

• 15.8.3 FEDERATED Storage Engine Notes and Tips

• 15.8.4 FEDERATED Storage Engine Resources

• 15.9 The EXAMPLE Storage Engine

• 15.10 Other Storage Engines

• 15.11 Overview of MySQL Storage Engine Architecture

• 15.11.1 Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture

• 15.11.2 The Common Database Server Layer

• 16.1 Configuring Replication

• 16.1.1 Binary Log File Position Based Replication Configuration Overview

• 16.1.2 Setting Up Binary Log File Position Based Replication

• 16.1.3 Replication with Global Transaction Identifiers

• 16.1.4 Changing Replication Modes on Online Servers

• 16.1.5 MySQL Multi-Source Replication

• 16.1.6 Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables

• 16.1.7 Common Replication Administration Tasks

• 16.2 Replication Implementation

• 16.2.1 Replication Formats

• 16.2.2 Replication Channels

• 16.2.3 Replication Threads

• 16.2.4 Relay Log and Replication Metadata Repositories

• 16.2.5 How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules

• 16.3 Replication Solutions

• 16.3.1 Using Replication for Backups

• 16.3.2 Handling an Unexpected Halt of a Replica

• 16.3.3 Using Replication with Different Source and Replica Storage Engines

• 16.3.4 Using Replication for Scale-Out

• 16.3.5 Replicating Different Databases to Different Replicas

• 16.3.6 Improving Replication Performance

• 16.3.7 Switching Sources During Failover

• 16.3.8 Setting Up Replication to Use Encrypted Connections

• 16.3.9 Semisynchronous Replication

• 16.3.10 Delayed Replication

• 16.4 Replication Notes and Tips

• 16.4.1 Replication Features and Issues

• 16.4.2 Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions

• 16.4.3 Upgrading a Replication Topology

• 16.4.4 Troubleshooting Replication

• 16.4.5 How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems

• 17.1 Group Replication Background

• 17.1.1 Replication Technologies

• 17.1.2 Group Replication Use Cases

• 17.1.3 Group Replication Details

• 17.2 Getting Started

• 17.2.1 Deploying Group Replication in Single-Primary Mode

• 17.2.2 Deploying Group Replication Locally

• 17.3 Requirements and Limitations

• 17.3.1 Group Replication Requirements

• 17.3.2 Group Replication Limitations

• 17.4 Monitoring Group Replication

• 17.4.1 Group Replication Server States

• 17.4.2 The replication_group_members Table

• 17.4.3 The replication_group_member_stats Table

• 17.5 Group Replication Operations

• 17.5.1 Deploying in Multi-Primary or Single-Primary Mode

• 17.5.2 Tuning Recovery

• 17.5.3 Network Partitioning

• 17.5.4 Restarting a Group

• 17.5.5 Using MySQL Enterprise Backup with Group Replication

• 17.6 Group Replication Security

• 17.6.1 Group Replication IP Address Allowlisting

• 17.6.2 Group Replication Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Support

• 17.6.3 Group Replication and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

• 17.7 Group Replication Variables

• 17.7.1 Group Replication System Variables

• 17.7.2 Group Replication Status Variables

• 17.8 Frequently Asked Questions

• 17.9 Group Replication Technical Details

• 17.9.1 Group Replication Plugin Architecture

• 17.9.2 The Group

• 17.9.3 Data Manipulation Statements

• 17.9.4 Data Definition Statements

• 17.9.5 Distributed Recovery

• 17.9.6 Observability

• 17.9.7 Group Replication Performance

• 19.1 Key Concepts

• 19.2 Setting Up MySQL as a Document Store

• 19.2.1 Installing MySQL Shell

• 19.2.2 Starting MySQL Shell

• 19.3 Quick-Start Guide: MySQL for Visual Studio

• 19.4 X Plugin

• 19.4.1 Using Encrypted Connections with X Plugin

• 19.4.2 X Plugin Options and Variables

• 19.4.3 Monitoring X Plugin

• 21.1 General Information

• 21.2 NDB Cluster Overview

• 21.2.1 NDB Cluster Core Concepts

• 21.2.2 NDB Cluster Nodes, Node Groups, Fragment Replicas, and Partitions

• 21.2.3 NDB Cluster Hardware, Software, and Networking Requirements

• 21.2.4 What is New in MySQL NDB Cluster

• 21.2.5 NDB: Added, Deprecated, and Removed Options, Variables, and Parameters

• 21.2.6 MySQL Server Using InnoDB Compared with NDB Cluster

• 21.2.7 Known Limitations of NDB Cluster

• 21.3 NDB Cluster Installation

• 21.3.1 Installation of NDB Cluster on Linux

• 21.3.2 Installing NDB Cluster on Windows

• 21.3.3 Initial Configuration of NDB Cluster

• 21.3.4 Initial Startup of NDB Cluster

• 21.3.5 NDB Cluster Example with Tables and Data

• 21.3.6 Safe Shutdown and Restart of NDB Cluster

• 21.3.7 Upgrading and Downgrading NDB Cluster

• 21.3.8 The NDB Cluster Auto-Installer (NDB 7.5) (NO LONGER SUPPORTED)

• 21.3.9 The NDB Cluster Auto-Installer (NO LONGER SUPPORTED)

• 21.4 Configuration of NDB Cluster

• 21.4.1 Quick Test Setup of NDB Cluster

• 21.4.2 Overview of NDB Cluster Configuration Parameters, Options, and Variables

• 21.4.3 NDB Cluster Configuration Files

• 21.4.4 Using High-Speed Interconnects with NDB Cluster

• 21.5 NDB Cluster Programs

• 21.5.1 ndbd -- The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon

• 21.5.2 ndbinfo_select_all -- Select From ndbinfo Tables

• 21.5.3 ndbmtd -- The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon (Multi-Threaded)

• 21.5.4 ndb_mgmd -- The NDB Cluster Management Server Daemon

• 21.5.5 ndb_mgm -- The NDB Cluster Management Client

• 21.5.6 ndb_blob_tool -- Check and Repair BLOB and TEXT columns of NDB Cluster Tables

• 21.5.7 ndb_config -- Extract NDB Cluster Configuration Information

• 21.5.8 ndb_cpcd -- Automate Testing for NDB Development

• 21.5.9 ndb_delete_all -- Delete All Rows from an NDB Table

• 21.5.10 ndb_desc -- Describe NDB Tables

• 21.5.11 ndb_drop_index -- Drop Index from an NDB Table

• 21.5.12 ndb_drop_table -- Drop an NDB Table

• 21.5.13 ndb_error_reporter -- NDB Error-Reporting Utility

• 21.5.14 ndb_import -- Import CSV Data Into NDB

• 21.5.15 ndb_index_stat -- NDB Index Statistics Utility

• 21.5.16 ndb_move_data -- NDB Data Copy Utility

• 21.5.17 ndb_perror -- Obtain NDB Error Message Information

• 21.5.18 ndb_print_backup_file -- Print NDB Backup File Contents

• 21.5.19 ndb_print_file -- Print NDB Disk Data File Contents

• 21.5.20 ndb_print_frag_file -- Print NDB Fragment List File Contents

• 21.5.21 ndb_print_schema_file -- Print NDB Schema File Contents

• 21.5.22 ndb_print_sys_file -- Print NDB System File Contents

• 21.5.23 ndb_redo_log_reader -- Check and Print Content of Cluster Redo Log

• 21.5.24 ndb_restore -- Restore an NDB Cluster Backup

• 21.5.25 ndb_select_all -- Print Rows from an NDB Table

• 21.5.26 ndb_select_count -- Print Row Counts for NDB Tables

• 21.5.27 ndb_show_tables -- Display List of NDB Tables

• 21.5.28 ndb_size.pl -- NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement Estimator

• 21.5.29 ndb_top -- View CPU usage information for NDB threads

• 21.5.30 ndb_waiter -- Wait for NDB Cluster to Reach a Given Status

• 21.6 Management of NDB Cluster

• 21.6.1 Commands in the NDB Cluster Management Client

• 21.6.2 NDB Cluster Log Messages

• 21.6.3 Event Reports Generated in NDB Cluster

• 21.6.4 Summary of NDB Cluster Start Phases

• 21.6.5 Performing a Rolling Restart of an NDB Cluster

• 21.6.6 NDB Cluster Single User Mode

• 21.6.7 Adding NDB Cluster Data Nodes Online

• 21.6.8 Online Backup of NDB Cluster

• 21.6.9 Importing Data Into MySQL Cluster

• 21.6.10 MySQL Server Usage for NDB Cluster

• 21.6.11 NDB Cluster Disk Data Tables

• 21.6.12 Online Operations with ALTER TABLE in NDB Cluster

• 21.6.13 Distributed Privileges Using Shared Grant Tables

• 21.6.14 NDB API Statistics Counters and Variables

• 21.6.15 ndbinfo: The NDB Cluster Information Database

• 21.6.16 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables for NDB Cluster

• 21.6.17 Quick Reference: NDB Cluster SQL Statements

• 21.6.18 NDB Cluster Security Issues

• 21.7 NDB Cluster Replication

• 21.7.1 NDB Cluster Replication: Abbreviations and Symbols

• 21.7.2 General Requirements for NDB Cluster Replication

• 21.7.3 Known Issues in NDB Cluster Replication

• 21.7.4 NDB Cluster Replication Schema and Tables

• 21.7.5 Preparing the NDB Cluster for Replication

• 21.7.6 Starting NDB Cluster Replication (Single Replication Channel)

• 21.7.7 Using Two Replication Channels for NDB Cluster Replication

• 21.7.8 Implementing Failover with NDB Cluster Replication

• 21.7.9 NDB Cluster Backups With NDB Cluster Replication

• 21.7.10 NDB Cluster Replication: Bidirectional and Circular Replication

• 21.7.11 NDB Cluster Replication Conflict Resolution

• 21.8 NDB Cluster Release Notes

• 22.1 Overview of Partitioning in MySQL

• 22.2 Partitioning Types

• 22.2.1 RANGE Partitioning

• 22.2.2 LIST Partitioning

• 22.2.3 COLUMNS Partitioning

• 22.2.4 HASH Partitioning

• 22.2.5 KEY Partitioning

• 22.2.6 Subpartitioning

• 22.2.7 How MySQL Partitioning Handles NULL

• 22.3 Partition Management

• 22.3.1 Management of RANGE and LIST Partitions

• 22.3.2 Management of HASH and KEY Partitions

• 22.3.3 Exchanging Partitions and Subpartitions with Tables

• 22.3.4 Maintenance of Partitions

• 22.3.5 Obtaining Information About Partitions

• 22.4 Partition Pruning

• 22.5 Partition Selection

• 22.6 Restrictions and Limitations on Partitioning

• 22.6.1 Partitioning Keys, Primary Keys, and Unique Keys

• 22.6.2 Partitioning Limitations Relating to Storage Engines

• 22.6.3 Partitioning Limitations Relating to Functions

• 22.6.4 Partitioning and Locking

• 23.1 Defining Stored Programs

• 23.2 Using Stored Routines

• 23.2.1 Stored Routine Syntax

• 23.2.2 Stored Routines and MySQL Privileges

• 23.2.3 Stored Routine Metadata

• 23.2.4 Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and LAST_INSERT_ID()

• 23.3 Using Triggers

• 23.3.1 Trigger Syntax and Examples

• 23.3.2 Trigger Metadata

• 23.4 Using the Event Scheduler

• 23.4.1 Event Scheduler Overview

• 23.4.2 Event Scheduler Configuration

• 23.4.3 Event Syntax

• 23.4.4 Event Metadata

• 23.4.5 Event Scheduler Status

• 23.4.6 The Event Scheduler and MySQL Privileges

• 23.5 Using Views

• 23.5.1 View Syntax

• 23.5.2 View Processing Algorithms

• 23.5.3 Updatable and Insertable Views

• 23.5.4 The View WITH CHECK OPTION Clause

• 23.5.5 View Metadata

• 23.6 Stored Object Access Control

• 23.7 Stored Program Binary Logging

• 23.8 Restrictions on Stored Programs

• 23.9 Restrictions on Views

• 24.1 Introduction

• 24.2 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Table Reference

• 24.3 INFORMATION_SCHEMA General Tables

• 24.3.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA General Table Reference

• 24.3.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CHARACTER_SETS Table

• 24.3.3 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATIONS Table

• 24.3.4 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY Table

• 24.3.5 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMNS Table

• 24.3.6 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Table

• 24.3.7 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ENGINES Table

• 24.3.8 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA EVENTS Table

• 24.3.9 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA FILES Table

• 24.3.10 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_STATUS and SESSION_STATUS Tables

• 24.3.11 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_VARIABLES and SESSION_VARIABLES Tables

• 24.3.12 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA KEY_COLUMN_USAGE Table

• 24.3.13 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ndb_transid_mysql_connection_map Table

• 24.3.14 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA OPTIMIZER_TRACE Table

• 24.3.15 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARAMETERS Table

• 24.3.16 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARTITIONS Table

• 24.3.17 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PLUGINS Table

• 24.3.18 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROCESSLIST Table

• 24.3.19 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROFILING Table

• 24.3.20 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS Table

• 24.3.21 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table

• 24.3.22 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMATA Table

• 24.3.23 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES Table

• 24.3.24 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA STATISTICS Table

• 24.3.25 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLES Table

• 24.3.26 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLESPACES Table

• 24.3.27 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table

• 24.3.28 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_PRIVILEGES Table

• 24.3.29 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS Table

• 24.3.30 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA USER_PRIVILEGES Table

• 24.3.31 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA VIEWS Table

• 24.4 INFORMATION_SCHEMA InnoDB Tables

• 24.4.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA InnoDB Table Reference

• 24.4.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE Table

• 24.4.3 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU Table

• 24.4.4 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS Table

• 24.4.5 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP and INNODB_CMP_RESET Tables

• 24.4.6 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMPMEM and INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET Tables

• 24.4.7 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX and INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET Tables

• 24.4.8 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED Table

• 24.4.9 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_CONFIG Table

• 24.4.10 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD Table

• 24.4.11 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DELETED Table

• 24.4.12 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE Table

• 24.4.13 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE Table

• 24.4.14 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCKS Table

• 24.4.15 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCK_WAITS Table

• 24.4.16 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_METRICS Table

• 24.4.17 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS Table

• 24.4.18 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES Table

• 24.4.19 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FIELDS Table

• 24.4.20 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN Table

• 24.4.21 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS Table

• 24.4.22 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_INDEXES Table

• 24.4.23 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLES Table

• 24.4.24 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES Table

• 24.4.25 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS View

• 24.4.26 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_VIRTUAL Table

• 24.4.27 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_TEMP_TABLE_INFO Table

• 24.4.28 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_TRX Table

• 24.5 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Thread Pool Tables

• 24.5.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Thread Pool Table Reference

• 24.5.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_GROUP_STATE Table

• 24.5.3 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_GROUP_STATS Table

• 24.5.4 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_STATE Table

• 24.6 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Connection-Control Tables

• 24.6.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Connection-Control Table Reference

• 24.6.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CONNECTION_CONTROL_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS Table

• 24.7 INFORMATION_SCHEMA MySQL Enterprise Firewall Tables

• 24.7.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Firewall Table Reference

• 24.7.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA MYSQL_FIREWALL_USERS Table

• 24.7.3 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA MYSQL_FIREWALL_WHITELIST Table

• 24.8 Extensions to SHOW Statements

• 25.1 Performance Schema Quick Start

• 25.2 Performance Schema Build Configuration

• 25.3 Performance Schema Startup Configuration

• 25.4 Performance Schema Runtime Configuration

• 25.4.1 Performance Schema Event Timing

• 25.4.2 Performance Schema Event Filtering

• 25.4.3 Event Pre-Filtering

• 25.4.4 Pre-Filtering by Instrument

• 25.4.5 Pre-Filtering by Object

• 25.4.6 Pre-Filtering by Thread

• 25.4.7 Pre-Filtering by Consumer

• 25.4.8 Example Consumer Configurations

• 25.4.9 Naming Instruments or Consumers for Filtering Operations

• 25.4.10 Determining What Is Instrumented

• 25.5 Performance Schema Queries

• 25.6 Performance Schema Instrument Naming Conventions

• 25.7 Performance Schema Status Monitoring

• 25.8 Performance Schema Atom and Molecule Events

• 25.9 Performance Schema Tables for Current and Historical Events

• 25.10 Performance Schema Statement Digests

• 25.11 Performance Schema General Table Characteristics

• 25.12 Performance Schema Table Descriptions

• 25.12.1 Performance Schema Table Reference

• 25.12.2 Performance Schema Setup Tables

• 25.12.3 Performance Schema Instance Tables

• 25.12.4 Performance Schema Wait Event Tables

• 25.12.5 Performance Schema Stage Event Tables

• 25.12.6 Performance Schema Statement Event Tables

• 25.12.7 Performance Schema Transaction Tables

• 25.12.8 Performance Schema Connection Tables

• 25.12.9 Performance Schema Connection Attribute Tables

• 25.12.10 Performance Schema User-Defined Variable Tables

• 25.12.11 Performance Schema Replication Tables

• 25.12.12 Performance Schema Lock Tables

• 25.12.13 Performance Schema System Variable Tables

• 25.12.14 Performance Schema Status Variable Tables

• 25.12.15 Performance Schema Summary Tables

• 25.12.16 Performance Schema Miscellaneous Tables

• 25.13 Performance Schema Option and Variable Reference

• 25.14 Performance Schema Command Options

• 25.15 Performance Schema System Variables

• 25.16 Performance Schema Status Variables

• 25.17 The Performance Schema Memory-Allocation Model

• 25.18 Performance Schema and Plugins

• 25.19 Using the Performance Schema to Diagnose Problems

• 25.19.1 Query Profiling Using Performance Schema

• 25.20 Migrating to Performance Schema System and Status Variable Tables

• 25.21 Restrictions on Performance Schema

• 26.1 Prerequisites for Using the sys Schema

• 26.2 Using the sys Schema

• 26.3 sys Schema Progress Reporting

• 26.4 sys Schema Object Reference

• 26.4.1 sys Schema Object Index

• 26.4.2 sys Schema Tables and Triggers

• 26.4.3 sys Schema Views

• 26.4.4 sys Schema Stored Procedures

• 26.4.5 sys Schema Stored Functions

• 27.1 MySQL Connector/C++

• 27.2 MySQL Connector/J

• 27.3 MySQL Connector/NET

• 27.4 MySQL Connector/ODBC

• 27.5 MySQL Connector/Python

• 27.6 libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library

• 27.6.1 Compiling Programs with libmysqld

• 27.6.2 Restrictions When Using the Embedded MySQL Server

• 27.6.3 Options with the Embedded Server

• 27.6.4 Embedded Server Examples

• 27.7 MySQL C API

• 27.8 MySQL PHP API

• 27.9 MySQL Perl API

• 27.10 MySQL Python API

• 27.11 MySQL Ruby APIs

• 27.11.1 The MySQL/Ruby API

• 27.11.2 The Ruby/MySQL API

• 27.12 MySQL Tcl API

• 27.13 MySQL Eiffel Wrapper

• 28.1 MySQL Enterprise Backup Overview

• 28.2 MySQL Enterprise Security Overview

• 28.3 MySQL Enterprise Encryption Overview

• 28.4 MySQL Enterprise Audit Overview

• 28.5 MySQL Enterprise Firewall Overview

• 28.6 MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool Overview

• 28.7 MySQL Enterprise Data Masking and De-Identification Overview

• 28.8 MySQL Enterprise Monitor Overview

• 28.9 MySQL Telemetry

• A.1 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: General

• A.2 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Storage Engines

• A.3 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Server SQL Mode

• A.4 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Stored Procedures and Functions

• A.5 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Triggers

• A.6 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Views

• A.7 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: INFORMATION_SCHEMA

• A.8 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Migration

• A.9 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Security

• A.10 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: NDB Cluster

• A.11 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: MySQL Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Character Sets

• A.12 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Connectors & APIs

• A.13 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: C API, libmysql

• A.14 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Replication

• A.15 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool

• A.16 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: InnoDB Change Buffer

• A.17 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: InnoDB Data-at-Rest Encryption

• A.18 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Virtualization Support

• B.1 Error Message Sources and Elements

• B.2 Error Information Interfaces

• B.3 Problems and Common Errors

• B.3.1 How to Determine What Is Causing a Problem

• B.3.2 Common Errors When Using MySQL Programs

• B.3.3 Administration-Related Issues

• B.3.4 Query-Related Issues

• B.3.5 Optimizer-Related Issues

• B.3.6 Table Definition-Related Issues

• B.3.7 Known Issues in MySQL